Regular word building: Applicable to all animal families:
| ox | cow | calf | herd | bovo | bovino | bovido | bovaro |
| sheep | ewe | lamb | flock | ŝafo | ŝafino | ŝafido | ŝafaro |
| dog | bitch | puppy | pack | hundo | hundino | hundido | hundaro |
| horse | mare | foal | herd | ĉevalo | ... | ... | ... |
| rabbit | rabbit | -- | -- | kuniklo | ... | ... | ... |
Got the idea? In Esperanto it's easy, but in English it's hard!
A few more word building suffixes and prefixes:
| ge- of both sexes |
gepatroj parents |
gesinjoroj ladies and gentlemen |
geknaboj boys and girls |
| -an member of |
klubano club member |
vilaĝano villager |
nov-jorkano New Yorker |
| -eg enormous |
pluvego downpour |
ridego hearty laugh |
bonega excellent |
| -ej place for |
klubejo club house |
trinkejo pub |
necesejo restroom (WC) |
| -et tiny |
libreto booklet |
manĝeto snack |
monteto hill |
| -ul person |
junulo youth |
blindulo blind person |
belulino a beauty |
| bo- in-law |
bofrato brother-in-law |
bopatrino mother-in-law |
Logic dictates when to use prefixes and suffixes, but there are no precise rules. So use them when they make sense. Can anything be easier?
Kio estas la puno por bigamio? Du bopatrinoj!
Summary of verb forms: (What makes the following so great is that it can be used with all verbs; no exceptions!)
Simple verb forms (use with any noun or pronoun subject).
| dormi | infinitive | to sleep |
| dormis | past time | (yesterday) |
| dormas | present time | (now) |
| dormos | future time | (tomorrow) |
| dormus | conditional |
Se mi estus riĉa, mi estus kontenta. If I were rich, I would be content. (describes situation that aren't true.) |
| dormu! | imperative | (A command!) Aŭ silentu, aŭ foriru. Either be quiet or go away. |
Common verb affixes:
| re- ek- |
verb root | -iĝ- -ad- -ig- |
re: repeat of action; again ek: sudden start or short duration ad: continual action iĝ: to become ig: to make (something happen) |
Compound verbs - active (Action by the subject of sentence)
| Ŝi estis | manĝinta sian matenmanĝon. |
| Ŝi estas | leganta sian ĵurnalon. |
| Ŝi estos | skribonta leteron. |
Note: participles can have a plural form:
Mi estas manĝinta.
Ni estas manĝintaj.
And participles can be used as adjectives:
La dormanta knabo.
The sleeping boy.
Compound verbs - passive (Action on the subject of sentence)
Compare:
| active | Li estas leganta la ĵurnalon. He is reading the newspaper. |
|---|---|
| passive | La ĵurnalo estas legata de li. The paper is being-read by him. |
Compare with lesson 8:
| La matenmanĝo La ĵurnalo La letero |
estis estas estos |
manĝita de ŝi. legata de ŝi. skribota de ŝi. |
ita, been -ed; ata, being -ed; ota, about to be -ed.
Our apologies for packing all that stuff in such a small mail - but just try to cover the same information about any other language in anything smaller than a textbook.
The compound verbs are used a lot less in Esperanto than in English. Use of the simple form is usually good enough. Instead of "Li estis manĝinta", we say "Li manĝis."
Participles can be used as nouns.
| active | aminto | someone who | was | loving |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| amanto | is | |||
| amonto | will-be | |||
| passive | amito | was | loved | |
| amato | is | |||
| amoto | will-be |
Noun participles can have feminine [amantino] and plural [amatoj] forms. They can be formed from any verb [parolanto, dormintoj, falontino (the girl who is about to fall)].
Note the difference between -anto and -isto:
| instruanto | one who teaches (not professionally) |
| instruisto | a teacher (professional) |
A little more about the correlatives in lesson 5:
| tio = that thing | ĉi tio = this thing |
| tiu = that (one, person) | ĉi tiu = this one, person |
| tie = there, that place | ĉi tie = this place, here |
kiom = how much, how many; kiom da = how many (of) something
Kiom da amikoj vi havas?
How many friends do you have?Kiom ĝi kostas?
How much does it cost?
kies = whose
Kies plumo ĝi estas?
Whose pen is it?
answer: Ĝi estas la plumo de Johano. (No shorter way of saying "John's pen")
| Sunday | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday |
| dimanĉo | lundo | mardo | merkredo | ĵaŭdo | vendredo | sabato |
| January | February | March | April | May | June |
| januaro | februaro | marto | aprilo | majo | junio |
| July | August | September | October | November | December |
| julio | aŭgusto | septembro | oktobro | novembro | decembro |
La Lingvo Por Ni
(Tune: My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean)Sur montoj kaj step' indianoj,
Ĉasadas kun ruĝ-famili',
Kaj se vi postulas parolon,
el kanjon' eliras la kri':# ES-PER-AN-TO estas la lingvo por ni, por ni!
ES PER AN TO estas la lingvo por ni!En densa afrika ĝangalo, la bonaj amikoj de ni
Jam solvis la lingvan problemon, Per tamtam' eliras la kri':
#Ĉe norda poluso eskimoj, loĝadas en neĝo, glaci';
Se ili bezonas parolon, aŭdiĝas la tutsama kri';
#Sur tuta la vasta terglobo, en urboj el ĉiu naci'
Troviĝas sam-ide-an-aro, de buboj elsonas la kri':
#Indianoj, nigruloj, eskimoj; urbanoj kaj buboj kaj mi
Jam uzas la Zamenhof-lingvon, Do, vivu, prosperu la kri':
#
(Note: An apostrophe denotes an "o" which as been left out for poetic or musical reasons, do not do this in prose.)
Twinkle Twinkle Little Star in Esperanto:
Brilu, brilu eta stel',
Diamanto de l' ^ciel'.
Tiel alta super Ter',
Kio estas vi, en ver'?
Brilu, brilu eta stel',
Diamanto de l' ^ciel'.
(The article "la" can become "l'" in poetry.)
Stelo = star, diamanto = diamond, ^cielo = sky, tero = earth/land/ground. Sorry to take your time. Back to the lesson...
With this lesson you will find the final set of exercises. Complete the 50 sentences and send them back to your tutor. After correction, he will send them back to you, and by separate mail you will receive an atestilo (Certificate of Completion).
We would be very happy to receive from you any comments you may have about the course and a note about your plans for Esperanto - traveling, reading, corresponding, etc. Send them to the central address (the one in the monthly posting).
There are many good books for beginning reading. Write to the book service of your national Esperanto association. They will be glad to send you a book list and suggest suitable reading material. You can also try the book service of the Universala Esperanto-Asocio, which claims to have the biggest Esperanto-bookstore. For addresses, see lesson 1.
We strongly recommend that you join your local Esperanto club or society and participate in the activities. Or if there isn't a club in your region, start one up! For those who live in the USA: ELNA provides a list of local groups, if you send them a self-addressed stamped envelope.
Vi jam finis vian unuan kurson de Esperanto.
Ni deziras por vi plej bonan sukceson!
Ĝis la revido!
Translate into Esperanto. [Close as possible with comments in bracket to clarify the English. Multiple translations are possible. Think in Esperanto; trying to translate word-for-word may not help!]
| ball | pilko |
| beach | plaĝo |
| blonde | blonda |
| Calgary | Kalgario |
| freeway | ŝoseo |
| gain (win) | gajno |
| game | ludo |
| goal | golo |
| Paris | Parizo |
| quiet | silenta |
| sea | maro |
| seat | seĝo |
| sweet | dolĉa |
| to imagine | imagi |
| to eat | manĝi |
| to cut | tranĉi |
| to score | trafi |
| to swim | naĝi |
| to shoot | pafi |
Don't forget to mail these exercises to your tutor, with subject: 'FEC ekz 10'.